1.
PREP
If something is done by a person or thing, that person or thing does it. 被
例：
The feast was served by his mother and sisters.
宴席由他的母亲和姐妹们招待。
例：
I was amazed by their discourtesy and lack of professionalism.
我为他们的无礼和职业精神的缺乏所震惊。
2.
PREP
If you say that something such as a book, a piece of music, or a painting is by a particular person, you mean that this person wrote it or created it. 由…创作
例：
A painting by Van Gogh has been sold in New York for more than eighty-two million dollars.
一幅由梵高创作的画在纽约卖到超过八千二百万美元。
3.
PREP
If you do something by a particular means, you do it using that thing. 以…方式
例：
If you're travelling by car, ask whether there are parking facilities nearby.
如果你开汽车旅行，问问附近是否有停车设施。
4.
PREP
If you achieve one thing by doing another thing, your action enables you to achieve the first thing. 通过
[PREP -ing]
例：
Make the sauce by boiling the cream and stock together in a pan.
通过将乳酪和高汤一起放在平底锅里煮来制作调味料。
例：
The all-female yacht crew made history by becoming the first to sail round the world.
全部由女性组成的游艇船员通过首次环球航行而创造了历史。
5.
PREP
You use by in phrases such as "by chance" or "by accident" to indicate whether or not an event was planned. 由于
例：
I met him by chance out walking yesterday.
昨天出去散步时我无意中遇到了他。
例：
He opened Ingrid's letter by mistake.
他误拆了英格丽德的信。
6.
PREP
If someone is a particular type of person by nature, by profession, or by birth, they are that type of person because of their nature, their profession, or the family they were born into. 就…而言
[adj/n PREP n]
例：
I am certainly lucky to have a kind wife who is loving by nature.
我的确幸运有一位仁慈的妻子，她天生富有爱心。
例：
She's a nurse by profession and now runs a counselling service for women.
她是护士出身，现在经营着一家针对女性的咨询服务公司。
7.
PREP
If something must be done by law, it happens according to the law. If something is the case by particular standards, it is the case according to the standards. 根据
例：
Pharmacists are required by law to give the medicine prescribed by the doctor.
根据法律，药剂师被要求只配医生开列的药。
8.
PREP
If you say what someone means by a particular word or expression, you are saying what they intend the word or expression to refer to. 通过 (说某词或某话)
例：
Stella knew what he meant by "start again."
斯特拉知道他说“再次开始”是什么意思。
9.
PREP
If you hold someone or something by a particular part of them, you hold that part. 通过
例：
He caught her by the shoulder and turned her around.
他抓住她的肩膀，使她转过身。
例：
She was led by the arm to a small room at the far end of the corridor.
她被抓着胳膊带到走廊另一头的一个小屋里。
10.
PHRASE
If you are by yourself, you are alone. 独自地
例：
...a dark-haired man sitting by himself in a corner.
…一个独自坐在角落里的、深色头发的男子。
11.
PHRASE
If you do something by yourself, you succeed in doing it without anyone helping you. 独立地
例：
I didn't know if I could raise a child by myself.
我不知道是否能独立抚养一个孩子。